Public trust in nuclear energy requires an adaptive policy approach

A changing energy debate

Where discussions around nuclear energy used to focus primarily on safety, waste and risk, new concerns are coming to the fore. ‘People are increasingly looking at issues such as energy security, climate change, and the cost of alternatives,’ says Van der Weerdt.

Trust is not a given

The study shows that public attitudes towards nuclear energy are influenced by three key factors:

• Risk perception: how people experience the risks associated with nuclear energy, for example in relation to safety and the environment.
• Perceived net benefit: which elements are seen as positive, such as affordable energy or reduced CO₂ emissions.
• Fairness: whether the policies around nuclear energy are seen as transparent and just.

These factors are interdependent, vary by individual and region, and are shaped by the social and political climate.

One nuclear power plant, many realities

A striking finding is the difference between general public opinion and that of people living near nuclear power plants. ‘Local residents often have very different concerns, such as quality of life or spatial planning,’ explains Govert de With of NRG PALLAS. This distinction underscores the need for tailored approaches to both local and national trust.

Why policy must be agile

A nuclear power plant typically operates for several decades. This long time horizon can tempt policymakers to ‘set policies in stone’. But the researchers argue this is risky. The public debate evolves, as do the values that shape it. That is why they advocate for an adaptive approach: a continuous cycle of listening, analysing, and responding.

Such an approach also calls for new forms of participation. It is not only important to involve people in decision-making about nuclear energy upfront, but also to stay engaged throughout the long planning, construction, and operational phases, remaining alert and responsive to public sentiment.

Conclusion

Managing public trust in nuclear energy requires a policy approach that evolves with society. Trust in nuclear energy does not emerge or endure automatically. It takes more than technical evidence or a cost-benefit analysis. It means recognising diverse public perspectives and actively involving people along the way.